EXPANDING THE UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH AS AN INTANTGIBLE GOOD TODAY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol4.6179Keywords:
expansion of the understanding, health, human, legal system, subject of interests, typesAbstract
In classical interpretation, health is defined as a subjective right to this intangible good, which is only characteristic of humans. However, it could be evaluated whether health as a relevant interest can be characteristic of any other subject, expanding the existing understanding of health. The modern legal system distinguishes between subjects with different levels of protection of their interests, i.e., the subjects of rights and the subjects of interests. And a trend is observed where health is also recognised as a category characteristic of the subjects of interests, adjusting the former understanding of the concept of health. Thus, by expanding the understanding of health, types of health can be distinguished according to the subject of interests, e.g., health of a legal person, health of a conceived person, etc., adapting the understanding of health to the criteria of the subject of interests. The research aim is to analyse the expansion of the understanding of health and suggest a division of the types of health in accordance with the modern legal system. The following primary research methods were used in the study: analytical, systemic, teleological.
Downloads
References
Albrecht, G.A., Higginbotham, N., Connor, L., & Ellis, N. (2017). Social and cultural perspectives on ecology and health. In: International encyclopedia of public health (Second edition), 551-556. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00414-8.
Animal health act. (2014). The act (SBC 2014 Chapter 16) of the British Columbia (Canada). Retrieved from https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/14016#part1.
Animal health act. (2010). The statute of Zambia (South Africa). Retrieved from https://zambialaws.com/principal-legislation/animal-health-act.
Animal health act. (2009). The act (S.O. 2009, Chapter 31) of Ontario (Canada). Retrieved from https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/09a31.
Animal health act. (1988). Chapter A-11.1 of the statutes of Prince Edward Island (Canada). Retrieved from https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/a-11-1-animal_health_act.pdf.
Animal health act. (1981). Public general act (1981 c. 22) of England, Wales, Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/22.
Animal health and protection act. (1989). The Chapter 15 of the statutes of Nova Scotia (Canada). Retrieved from https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/animalhe.htm.
Animal health protection. (1926). Chapter (7 USC 109) of the United States Code. Retrieved from https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title7-chapter109&edition=prelim.
Apinis, P. (1998). Cilvēks: Anatomija, fizioloģija, patoloģijas pamati. Rīga: Jāņa sēta, 800 lpp.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). Australia’s health 2014, 14, 576 p. Doi: 10.25816/5ec1e412.
Baldunčiks, J., & Pokrotniece, K. (1999). Svešvārdu vārdnīca: vairāk nekā 15 000 citvalodu cilmes vārdu un terminoloģisku vārdkopu. Rīga: Jumava.
Balodis, K. (2007). Ievads civiltiesībās. Rīga: Zvaigzne ABC, 383 lpp.
Bambra, C., Smith, K.E., & Pearce, J. (2019). Scaling up: The politics of health and place. Social Science & Medicine, 232, 36-42. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.036.
Bitāns, A. (2006). Gaidāms nemantiskā (morālā) kaitējuma lomas pieaugums. Dienas bizness/ Saldo, 7(34).
Bundesverfassungsgericht des Deutschlands. (1993). Die Entscheidung, BVerfGE 88, 203. Schwangerschaftsabbruch II, 28.Mai. Von: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bv088203.html.
Bundesverfassungsgericht des Deutschlands. (1975). Die Entscheidung, BVerfGE 39, 1. Schwangerschaftsabbruch I, 25.Feb. Von: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bv039001.html.
Burkhard, B., Müller, F., & Lill, A. (2008). Ecosystem health indicators. In: Encyclopedia of ecology, 1132-1138. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00312-8.
Büchs, M., & Koch, M. (2019). Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing. Futures, 105, 155-165. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.002.
Callicott, J.B. (1980). Animal liberation: A triangular affair. Environmental Ethics, 2, 311-338. Doi: doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics19802424.
Callicott, J.B. (1988). Animal liberation and environmental ethics: Back together again. Between the Species, 4, 163-169. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15368/bts.1988v4n3.1.
Campbell, K. (2017). Legal rights. In: The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/legal-rights/.
Civil Code. (1804). Code of France. Retrieved from www.lexinter.net?ENGLISH/civil_code.htm.
Civil Code. (1896). Code of Germany. Retrieved from www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#BGBengl_000G1.
Civillikums. (1993a). Ceturtā daļa. Saistību tiesības. LR likums. LR Saeimas un Ministru Kabineta Ziņotājs, 14.janv., 1.
Civillikums. (1993b). Pirmā daļa. Ģimenes tiesības. LR likums. LR Saeimas un Ministru Kabineta Ziņotājs, 10.jūn., 22/23.
Civillikums. (1992a). Otrā daļa. Mantojuma tiesības, LR likums. LR Saeimas un Ministru Kabineta Ziņotājs, 30.jūl., 29.
Civillikums. (1992b). Trešā daļa. Lietu tiesības. LR likums. LR Saeimas un Ministru Kabineta Ziņotājs, 30.jūl., 29.
Civilprocesa likums. (1998). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 3.nov., 326/330.
Civilstāvokļa aktu reģistrācijas likums. (2012). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 14.dec., 197.
Čakste, K. (2017). Civiltiesības: Lekcijas. Raksti. Rīga: Zvaigzne ABC, 358 lpp.
Čakste, K. (19XX). Civiltiesības. Rīga, [b.i.].
Dibifē, Ž. (1992). Antikulturālas pozīcijas. Kentaurs XXI, 2.
Dmitriev, Ju.A. et al. (2006). Medicinskoe pravo. Moskva: Jelit, 496 s.
Dzīvnieku aizsardzības likums. (1999). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 29.dec., 444/445.
Eiropas Cilvēktiesību un pamatbrīvību aizsardzības konvencija. (1950). Starptautiskais tiesību akts, 4.nov. Pieejams: http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/56D2C838-7133-4010-8D00-99BE58570B95/0/LatvianLetton.pdf.
Epidemioloģiskās drošības likums. (1997). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 30.dec., 342/345.
European Court of Human rights. (2011). Case of Uj v. Hungary (Application Nr. 23954/10), 19.07.2011. Judgment. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/001-105715.pdf.
Freeman, R.B. (1961). Impact of publicē health on society. Public Health Reports, 4, 277-280. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13701645/.
Global Animal Law Association. (2018). UN Convention on animal health and protection (UNCAHP). Retrieved form https://www.globalanimallaw.org/downloads/Folder-UNCAHP.pdf.
Grimm, D.D. (2003). Lekcii po dogme rimskogo prava. Moskva: Zercalo, 496 s.
Grūtups, A. et al. (1996). Latvijas Republikas Civillikuma komentāri: Īpašums. Rīga: Mans Īpašums, 231 lpp.
Huffman, J.L. (1992). Do Species and Nature Have Rights? Pub. Land L. Rev., Vol.13, 51, 51-76. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1232&context=plrlr.
Jackson, E. (2013). Medical law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jevola, Ju. Tajnaja priroda estestvennogo prava. Iz: http://www.pravaya.ru/book/19/4391.
Kelch, T.G. (1999). The role of the rational and the emotive in a theory of animal rights. B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev., Vol.27, 1. Retrieved from https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol27/iss1/2.
Kennedy, I., & Grubb, A. (1998). Principles of medical law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 868 p.
Kramer, M. H. (2016). In Defense of the Interest Theory of Right-Holding: Rejoinders to Leif Wenar on Rights. The University of Cambridge. Retrieved from http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/ssrn/.
Krons, M. (1940). Testamenta izpildītājs. Tieslietu Ministrijas Vēstnesis, 1.
Krimināllikums. (1998). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 8.jūlijs, 199/200.
Kruse, M. (2019). Ecosystem health indicators. In: Encyclopedia of ecology (Second edition), Vol.1, 407-414. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11200-X.
Kurki, V. (2019). Are Legal Positivism and the Interest Theory of Rights Compatible? Retrieved from dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3393798.
Kūle, M., & Kūlis, R. (1996). Filosofija. Rīga: Burtnieks, 653 lpp.
Larenz, K., & Wolf, M. (1997). Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts. München: Beck, 1021 S.
Law Insider. (2020). Juridical concepts and jural analysis legal rights and duties, 616-684. Retrieved from https://www.lawinsider.com/documents/PsCQHu8MY8.
Liholaja, V. (2004). Aborts: slepkavība vai...? Latvijas Universitātes Raksti: Juridiskā zinātne, 667.
Lock, S., Last, J.M., & Dunea, G. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Medicine (3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from: https://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q=health+definition&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true.
LR Administratīvā apgabaltiesa. (2007). Spriedums lietā Nr.A1748-04/6 AA43-0401-07/9, 10.apr.
LR Augstākās tiesas Judikatūras un zinātniski analītiskā nodaļa. (2019). Goda un cieņas civiltiesiskā aizsardzība. Tiesu prakses apkopojums (2000.-2018.), 47. Pieejams: http://at.gov.lv/lv/tiesu-prakse/tiesu-prakses-apkopojumi/civiltiesibas.
LR Augstākās tiesas Senāta Administratīvo lietu departaments. (2006). Spriedums lietā Nr.SKA-8, 17.janv.
LR Augstākās tiesas Senāta Civillietu departaments. (2019). Spriedums lietā Nr.SKC-40/2019 (C30291615), 10.jūl.
LR Augstākās tiesas Senāta Civillietu departaments. (2008). Spriedums lietā Nr.SKC-458/2008 (C28107006), 10.dec.
LR Ministru kabinets. (2007). Kārtība, kādā veicama smadzeņu un bioloģiskās nāves fakta konstatēšana un miruša cilvēka nodošana apbedīšanai. Ministru Kabineta noteikumi Nr.215, 27.marts. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 11.apr., 59.
LR Ministru Kabinets. (2018). Mātes un bērna veselības uzlabošanas plāns 2018.-2020.gadam. Rīkojums Nr.259, 6.jūn. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2018.8.jūn., Nr.113.
LR Satversme. (1993). LR pamatlikums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 1.jūl., 43.
Lu, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., Su, H., Wang, P., Jenkins, A., Ferrier, R.C., Bailey, M., & Squire, G. (2015). Ecosystem health towards sustainability. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 1, 1-15. Doi: 10.1890/EHS14-0013.1.
Mazure, L. (2014). Pacienta griba un tās civiltiesiskā aizsardzība. Rēzekne: RA Izdevniecība, 350 lpp.
Mazure, L. (2020). Types of human health. Socrates, 3(18), 43-48.
McHale, J., Fox, M., & Murphy, J. (1997). Health Care Law: Text, Cases and Materials. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 947 p.
Mullins, R. (2019). Rights, roles and interests. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, Nov., Vol.16, 2, 95-115. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v16i2.398.
Müller, R., Ganten, D., & Larisch, J. (2014). Public Health: Gesundheit ist mehr als Medizin. Dtsch Arztebl, 111(44), A1900-A1903. Von: https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/163282/Public-Health-Gesundheit-ist-mehr-als-Medizin.
Paul, M. (2007). Rights. Arch Dis Child, Aug., 92(8), 720-725. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.091629.
Prescott, S.L., & Logan, A.C. (2019). Planetary health: From the wellspring of holistic medicine to personal and publicē health imperative. Explore, Vol.15, 2, 98-106. Doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002.
Rapport, D.J. (1995). Ecosystem health: More than a metaphor? Ecosystem Health, Vol.4, 4, 287-309. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/30301563.
Rapport, D.J. (1989). What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Vol.33, 1, 120-132. Doi: doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1990.0004.
Rio Declaration on environment and development. (1992). General Assembly of the United Nations, Conference on environment and development (Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June). Retrieved from https://undocs.org/en/A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1(vol.I).
Robinson, R. (2018). The legal nature of the embryo: legal subject or legal object? PER/PELJ, 21-31. Doi: dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21:0a2914.
Rozenbergs, J. (2003). Vainas institūts juridiskās personas kriminālatbildībā. Latvijas Universitātes Raksti, 657, 75-82.
Rozenfelds, J. (2000). Lietu tiesības. Rīga: Zvaigzne ABC, 296 lpp.
Rumpelsberger, K. (2012). Gesund ist, wer nicht krank ist? Subjektive Gesundheitsvorstellungen oberösterreichischer Hausärzte und ihre gegenwärtige und zukünftige Rolle. Universität Bielefeld, Dissertation. Von: https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/2498340/2498351/RumpelsbergerDruckvorl.pdf.
Sanfillipo, Ch. (2002). Kurs rimskogo chastnogo prava. Moskva: BEK, 370 s.
Schulman, M. (2013). The nasciturus non - fiction, 47. Doi: dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2261847.
Shevchenko, Ju.L., et al. (2004). Filosofija mediciny. Moskva: GJuTAR-MED, 480 c.
Simič, J. (2018). The protection of nasciturus within the civil lae. Pravni zapisi, God.IX, br.2, 255-270. Doi: 10.5937/pravzap0-19193.
Sinaiskis, V. (1996). Latvijas civiltiesību apskats. Lietu tiesības. Saistību tiesības. Rīga: Latvijas Republikas Tieslietu ministrijas Tiesiskās informācijas centrs, 246 lpp.
Sīlis, V. (2006). Dzīvas būtnes, cilvēki un personas (Dž.Harisa nošķīrums). No Sīle, V., Biomedicīnas ētika (101-117). Rīga: Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte.
Svalastog, A.L., Donev, D., Kristoffersen N.J., & Gajovič, S. (2017). Concepts and definitions of health and health-related values in the knowledge landscapes of the digital society. Croat Med J., 58(6), 431-435. Doi: 10.3325/cmj.2017.58.431.
Svece, A. (2019). Dzīvnieku un vides ētika. Latvijas Universitāte, semināra lekciju kurss. Nepublicēts.
Te Awa Tupua Act. (2017). Public Act Nr.7 of New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2017/0007/latest/whole.html.
Ten Haaf, L. (2016). Future persons and legal persons: The problematic representation of the future child in the regulation of reproduction. Laws, 5, 10-16. Doi: 10.3390/laws5010010.
Ten Haaf, L. (2017). Unborn and future children as new legal subjects: an evaluation of two subject oriented approaches – the subject of rights and the subject of interests. German Law Journal, Vol. 18, 05, 1092-1119. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200022264.
The European Parliament and of the Council. (2016). Regulation 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health (“Animal Health Law”). Retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/429/oj.
The European Parliament and of the Council. (2010). Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/63/oj.
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. (1986). First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/.
The World Organisation for Animal Health. (2020). An international organization. Retrieved from https://www.ivsa.org/partners/world-organization-for-animal-health-oie/.
Torgāns, K. et al. (1998). Latvijas Republikas Civillikuma komentāri: Ceturtā daļa. Saistību tiesības. Rīga: Mans Īpašums.
Torgāns, K. (2014). Saistību tiesības: mācību grāmata. Rīga: Tiesu namu aģentūra, 590 lpp.
Tountas, Y. (2009). The historical origins of the basic concepts of health promotion and education: the role of ancient Greek philosophy and medicine. Health Promotion International, Vol. 24, 2, 185-192. Doi: 10.1093/heapro/dap006.
Veterinārmedicīnas likums. (2001). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 16.maijs, 75.
Vides aizsardzības likums. (2006). LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 15.nov., 183.
Welfare. (2019). Dictionary.com. Retrieved from: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/welfare.
World Organisation for animal health. (2015). Recommendations of Third OIE Global conference on aquastic animal health: Riding the wave to the future (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 20-22 January). Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/en/conferences-events/all-oie-world-conferences/presentationsrecommendations/.
Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Waltner-Toews, D., & Tanner, M. (2011). From „one medicine” to „one health” and systemic approaches to health and well-being. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 101, 148-156. Doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003.
Xenidis, Y., & Theocharous, K. (2014). Organizational health: Definition and assessment. Procedia Engineering, 85, 562-570. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.584.
