NON – FORMAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION INFLUENCE ON HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS OF CHILDREN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol4.3865Keywords:
children, physical fitness, non – formal physical educationAbstract
The aim of this study was to develop and implement curriculum of non-formal physical education in school and assess its effectiveness for health related physical fitness of 11-13 year old children. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage 51 11-13 year old children participated in a quasi-experiment for two years. Pupils were organized into E (experimental) and C (control) groups. Both groups shared the duration (1 hour) and frequency (twice a week) but were different in their education curriculum. In the second stage 72 pupils (groups A and B) attended in the research from the same schools. The curriculum of the group A was modified and differed from group E, group B - the same as group C. In both stages the focus groups performed four physical fitness tests and BMI was calculated. Group E girls’ indices of three tests and boys’ indices of all four tests were significantly (p<0.05) higher than young adolescents’ from group C. Group A girls’ flexibility and aerobic endurance as well as boys aerobic endurance were higher (p < 0.05) than pupils from group B. Results suggest that the individualized, diverse, 11‒13 years old children hobbies, needs, abilities, physical and functional powers answering non-formal curriculum, which expands knowledge and develops new skills and when various child-activating teaching methods and forms are used, positively influence their health related physical fitness.
Downloads
References
Ahlqwist, A., Hagman, M., Kjellby-Wendt, G., & Beckuhg, E. (2008). Physical therapy treatment of back complaints on children and adolescents, Spine, 15, 721-727. DOI:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318182c347
Blauzdys, V., & Bagdonienė, L. (2007). Mokinių teigiamo požiūrio į kūno kultūrą kaip mokymosi dalyką ugdymas, didinant jos prasmingumą [Positive attitude of pupils to physical education as a school subject, increasing its meaningfulness]. Vilnius: VPU.
Brunet, M., Chaput, J.P., & Tremblay, A. (2007). The association between low physical fitness and high body mass index or waist circumference is increasing with age in children: the “Quebec en Forme” project. Int J Obes., 31, 637-643. DOI:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803448
Carrel, A. L., Logue, J., Deininger, H., Clark, R. R., Curtis, V., Montague, P., & Baldwin, S. (2011). An after-school exercise program improves fitness, and body composition in elementary school children. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 2(3), 32−36. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4190056
Cerero, M., Lopez, R., Suarez-Llorca, C., Andreu-Cabrera, E., & Rojas F. J. (2011). Fitness test profiles in children aged 8-12 years old in Granada (Spain). J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 6(1), 135−145. DOI:10.4100/jhse.2011.61.15
Committee on Culture and Education European Parliament. (1999). Doc. 8595. 15 December 1999 Non-formal education. Retrieved from: www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/370759
Fu F.H., Guo L., & Zang Y. (2012). An overview of health fitness studies of Hong Kong residents from 2005 to 2011. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 10, 45-63. DOI:org/10.1016/j.jesf.2012.10.001
Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C. (2006). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill.
Gao, Z., Oh, H., & Shehg, H. (2011). Middle school students‘ body mass index and physical activity levels in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(1), 145-150. DOI:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599732
Gortmaker, S.L., Lee, R.M., Mozaffarian, R.S., Sobol, A.M., Nelson, T.F., Roth, B.A., & Wiecha, J.L. (2012). Effect of an after-school intervention on increases in children's physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 44(3), 450−457. DOI:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182300128.
Graham, G., Holt/Hale, S. A., & Parker, M. (2007). Children moving: a reflective approach to teaching physical education. New York, N. Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Gruodytė-Račienė, R., Rutkauskaitė, R., Miežienė, B., Šukys, S., Volbekienė, V., Emeljanovas, A. (Ed.). (2017). Eurofitas: fizinio pajėgumo testai ir metodika: Lietuvos 11-18 metų moksleivių fizinio pajėgumo rezultatai: studijų knyga [Eurofit. Tests and methodology for physical fitness. Physical fitness results of 11-18 years old Lithuanian schoolchildren]. Kaunas: Lietuvos sporto universitetas.
Julia, M., Van Weissenbruch, M.M., Prawirohartono, E.P., Surjono, A., & Delemarre-van de Waal, H.A. (2008). Tracking for underweight, overweight and obesity from childhood to adolescence: a 5-year follow-up study in urban Indonesian children. Hormone Research, 69, 301–306. DOI:10.1159/000114862
Karoblis, P. (2005). Sportinio rengimo teorija ir didaktika [Sports training theory and didactics]. Vilnius: Inforastras.
Lubans, D., & Morgan, P. (2008). Evaluation of an extra-curricular school sport programme promoting lifestyle and lifetime activity for adolescents. J Sports Sci., 26(5), 519−529. DOI:10.1080/02640410701624549
Malacko, J., & Pejčić, A. (2009). Changes in biomotor dimensions of school boys aged 11: experimental programme of sports games VS standard PE programme. Sport Science, 1, 52−61. Retrieved from https://www.sposci.com/PDFS/BR0201/SVEE/04%20CL%2008%20JM.pdf
Malina, R. M., Bouchard C, & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics.
McArdele, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2007). Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance (sixth edition). Philadelphia, New York, Tokyo: Lippincott Williams & Vilkins.
Mikkelsson, L.O., Nupponen, H., Kaprio, J, Kautiainen, H., Mikkelsson, M., & Kujala, U. M. (2006). Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury: a 25 year follow up study. Br J Sports Med., 40, 107-113. DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350
NASPE: National Association for Sport and Physical Education, an association of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (2005). Physical education for lifelong fitness: the Physical Best teacher’s guide. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Rainer, P., Griffths, R., Cropley, B., & Jarvis, S. (2015). Barriers to delivering extracurricular school sport and physical activity in Wales: a qualitative study of 5x60 officers’ views perspectives. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(2), 245−252. DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2012-0476
Raustorp, A. (2010). Eight years secular trends of physical self-esteem among Swedish adolescents. Journal of physical activity and health, 7, 369-374. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21061924
Sacheck, J. M., & Hall, M. (2014). Current Evidence for the Impact of Physical Fitness on Health Outcomes in Youth. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, June 2. DOI:10.1177/1559827614537780
Tutkuvienė, J., & Jakimavičienė, E.M. (2004). Kūno sudėjimo rodikliai ir jų sąsajos su bendra sveikatos būkle [Indicators of body composition and their relation to the general health status]. Medicinos teorija ir praktika [Theory and practice in medicine], 1, 59–63.
Venskunas, T., Emeljanovas, A., Mieziene, B., & Volbekiene, V. (2016). Secular trends in physical fitness and body size in Lithuanian children and adolescents between 1992 and 2012. J Epidemiol Community Health, 71(2). DOI:10.1136/jech-2016-20730
Wanless, E., Judge, L.W., Dieringer, S.T., Bellar, D., Johnson, J., Plummer, S. (2014). Pedometers and Aerobic Capacity: Evaluating an Elementary After-School Running Program. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Scientific World Journal, Mar 2. DOI: 10.1155/2014/370759
WHO (2007). Growth reference data for 5–19 year. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/growthref/en/
WHO (2016). Obesity and overweight Fact sheet N°311. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Yahüe, H., & De la Fuente, J.M. (1988). Changes in height and motor performance relative to peak height velocity: A mixed-longitudinal study of Spanish boys and girls. American Journal of Human Biology. 10:647–660. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1998)10:5<647::AID-AJHB11>3.0.CO;2-8
Барабаш, О.А. (2007). Педагогическая технология оценивания уровня развития двигательных способностей школьников 8–17 лет с умственной отсталостью [Pedagogical technology of estimating motor abilities’ development at retarded 8-17-year old pupils]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка[Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 4, 2–6.
Винокурова, С.С., & Сахарова, М.В. (2007). Повышение эффективности физического воспитания учащихся Республики Саха (Якутия) путем использования национальных упражнений на уроках физической культуры [Increase of efficiency of physical education of pupils in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) by use of national exercises at lessons of physical culture]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout]. 5, 54–57.
Гаврилов, Д.Н., Малинин, А.В., & Савенко, М.А. (2007). Динамика показателей физического состояния школьников города Набережные Черлы (результаты педагогического эксперимента) [Dynamics in physical condition parameters of pupils of Naberezhnye Chelny (the results of pedagogical experiment)]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 4, 7−9.
Купсов, И.М., Шинкаренко, О.В., & Перфильева, Н.П. (2008). Приобщение к систематическими занятиями физическими упражнениями девочек 12–14 лет [Introduction of 12−14 aged female teenagers to regular physical trainings]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 2, 28–30.
Матыцин, O.B. (2002). Сенситивные периоды для интенсивного формирования специальной подготовленности юных спортсменов в процессе многолетней тренировки в настольном теннисе [Sensitive periods for intensive forming of special preparedness of young athletes in process of long-term training in table tennis]. Физическая культура: воспитание образование тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 1, 28–32.
Семенов, Л.А. (2014). Мониторинг и проблемы физического воспитания детей и подростков [Monitoring and physical education problems of children and adolescents]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 2, 49–52.
Синявский, Н.И., Власов, В.В., & Сергеев, К.В. (2009). Мониторинг физической подготовленности детей младшего школьного возраста Среднего Приобья [Monitoring the physical fitness of primary school children Srednego Priobia]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 3, 31–32.
Фролов, С.В., & Фролов, С.С. (2009). Особенности опережающего подхода в физической подготовке школьников [Specific features of advanced approach in physical training of schoolchildren]. Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка [Physical Culture: upbringing, education, workout], 2, 13–18.
